Criminology and Criminal Justice

Question: Examine about theCriminology and Criminal Justice. Answer: Presentation: The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, normally known as the Indigenous People have become the unbalanced casualties and guilty parties identified with manslaughter episodes, both regarding their relative populace and furthermore in contrast with their non-Indigenous partners. The purpose behind this ought not be elusive for the Australian strategy creators, yet it appears they played oblivious to the necessities of this hundreds of years old society of the mainland and consequently automatically added to the development of wrongdoers among the Indigenous people group, according to Bryant (ed.), (2012). The current situation among the Indigenous youth is that a brush with the legitimate powers and in any event, getting detained is ordinary. However, socially and humanitarianly, it would be very offending to characterize the 21st century Indigenous Australians as criminal and detained. There are numerous heavenly instances of the Indigenous Australians who have prospered in the general public, as far as sense of pride and furthermore by keeping out of any sort of crimes. On the off chance that they can measure up, without losing their Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders character, why cant others. The issue isn't just about lawfulness, it includes a culture which is hundreds of years old and should be suited into the new stream. It is about a reaction from the network just as the specialists, says Short, (2016). The Assimilation Policy (c. 1940-75) was making mediation in the family life of the Indigenous individuals and making slight their legacy. Actually, it was not for improving the Indigenous individuals and make them equipped for receiving the standard Australian culture. This strategy was additionally not for canceling those laws which, under the pretense of security, were restricting the opportunity privileges of the Indigenous Australians. Such laws were denying the Indigenous individuals of their government assistance privileges and were confining their free relationship with the non-Indigenous individuals, particularly in towns and urban communities, clarifies Short, (2016). Along these lines, over the long haul, these four decades had the enduring impacts of ingraining this program of legitimate changes and institutional changes which made the propensities of a developing issue among the Indigenous individuals driving them towards crimes. Indeed, even the as of late communicated criminological perspectives by social researchers in their works point towards the way that these changing components of digestion added to the criminalisation of the Indigenous culture. Studies directed on a segment of Indigenous and non-Indigenous inhabitants of New South Wales, who were conceived in 1984, affirm Nalla Newman (ed.), (2013), have uncovered that an enormous extent (75.6%) of the Indigenous populace when contrasted with just 16.9% of the non-Indigenous individuals in this segment of the city were cautioned by police during the supposed Youth Justice Conference for different offense. Despite the fact that it was discovered that about 25% of the Indigenous individu als had no such past record. Such politically roused culture drives ingrain in the Indigenous minorities a feeling that their little numbers and weakness, is the principle purpose behind this treatment, according to Nalla Newman (ed.), (2013). This, in Australia, has constrained the Aborigines just as other minority settler gatherings to receive minimized ways which are more beneficial to follow as opposed to engage in the class or gathering governmental issues. It is, actually, just a little extent of the Aboriginal populace which is liable for creating a moderately high pace of Indigenous criminalisation. For the specialists, just as the social harbingers of the general public, it is then an increasingly significant explanation not to disregard such a noteworthy marvel among the Aboriginal individuals who don't engage in unfavorable exercises with the legitimate framework, as proposed by Alexander, (2013). Examinations by the Royal Commission of 1991 uncovered 99 cases ofAboriginal passings in police custodybetween 1 January 1980 and 31 May 1989. The significant discoveries of the commission remembered the demise for 1981 of rugby playerEddie Murray during authority at theWee Waapolice station. Critical was the way that Police Commissioner Elliott Johnston lamented the absence of disciplinary charges against five officials saw as associated with the rough demise in 1983 of John Pat, a 16-year-old Aboriginal boy,atRoebourne in Western Australia, says Alexander, (2013). In its last report, the Commission was of the sentiment that all these 99 deathswere not due to savagery by the police, quote - ... the quick reasons for the passings do exclude injustice, in the feeling of unlawful, purposeful slaughtering of Aboriginal detainees by police and jail officials. More than 33% of the passings (37) were from sickness; 30 were self-exacted hangings; 23 were brought about by different types of outside injury, particularly head wounds; and 9 were quickly connected with hazardous liquor and other medication use. For sure, substantial liquor utilize was engaged with some path in passings in every one of these classifications. The section infers that glaring insufficiencies existed in the standard of care stood to huge numbers of the perished. Unquote. Among the critical discoveries of the Commission were the discoveries that the normal yearly pace of death for an Indigenous individual in police care had diminished from 4.4 passings per 100,000 individuals somewhere in the range of 1980 and 1989, to 3.8 passings per 100,000 individuals somewhere in the range of 1990 and 1999, according to Carl et al, (2011). It was noticed that during these periods, passings of Indigenous individuals in police tasks had diminished from 21% to 18% when examination was made to all passings that happened during guardianship. While contrasting these figures and crimes including the non-Indigenous individuals, it was accounted for that solitary 22% were impacted by liquor in both the casualties just as guilty parties, says Bryant (ed.), (2012). Utilization of liquor was noteworthy among the Indigenous individuals, detailed at 69% among Indigenous casualties and at 72% among Indigenous guilty parties, when contrasted with only 27% among the non-Indigenou s casualties and just 31% among non-Indigenous wrongdoers. Another factual information got from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (allude to AIHW 2011a and b) additionally affirms that albeit the two networks expend liquor, the Indigenous Australians utilization arrives at unsafe levels, portions Carl et al, (2011). Indigenous people group began the association of seniors in the legal framework who partook in condemning procedure of the urban Indigenous wrongdoers. This training began in 1999 in South Australia following quite a long while of counsel among the local gatherings. Impact of this has been found from that point forward in the new legal practices which are being set up in different purviews, according to Bryant (ed.), (2012). In spite of the fact that the procedure is requiring some investment, foundation of courts in the urban focuses is getting. These courts are putting aside one to three days in a month only to cases including Indigenous wrongdoers, affirm Lewis, (2014). The act of including the Indigenous people group in remote zones is likewise assembling force as legal officials embrace travel on the circuit. Remote territory courts remember the Nunga and Aboriginal Courts for South Australia, the Koori Courts in Victoria, the Murri and Rockhampton Courts in Queensland and Circl e Sentencing in New South Wales. Those including the network older folks are those in the condemning circles in remote pieces of Western Australia and New South Wales, incorporating the Justice Groups in Queensland, as per Lewis, (2014). A definitive point of most of 339 suggestions proposed by the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody (RCIADIC) focussed on decreasing detainment among the Indigenous individuals and expanding their investment in the legal framework either as court staff or as guides. This has additionally brought about the rise of Justice Agreements among numerous conditions of Australia which are perceiving associations between the state government and the different Aboriginal associations for building a superior arrangement of equity and social equity for the Indigenous individuals, says Short, (2016). In the courts currently being set up, correspondence is appeared by the adjudicators/officers who in spite of the fact that holding a definitive intensity of condemning an Indigenous guilty party, sit at eye level to the Indigenous wrongdoer, over a bar table as opposed to over the seat. Administrations of a regarded senior Indigenous individual are taken, despite the fact that his job fluctuates according to ward zone, as indicated by Nalla Newman (ed.), (2013). This support of a senior beginnings from tending to the wrongdoer about their social conduct and goes on to assuming a significant job in finishing the sentence and along these lines checking the guilty parties progress all through the legal procedure. A youthful Indigenous kid, showing up in a court and being made to portray his first offense is without a doubt a frightful and humiliating experience for some first time wrongdoers. Here, nearness of a senior or a regarded individual from own locale in the court ends up being powerful as it makes a useful and constructive environment when the senior Indigenous individual talks and supports the wrongdoer, attest Nalla Newman (ed.), (2013). This spirit promoter is something which was continually ailing in the legal executive, But now, another variety of judges and officers in the criminal courts are embracing an undeniably progressively lobbyist disposition towards bestowing criminal equity. They are being upheld by the managerial parts of the administrations and the court specialists. Such steady developments among the legal officials is helping the rising courts in Victoria and Queensland since 2002 in embracing the Nunga Court Model to suit the neighborhood conditions, according to Lewis, (2014). The ABS Census of 2102 indicated that these Indigenous individuals wh

Pros and Cons of the Corn-Based Plastic PLA

Upsides and downsides of the Corn-Based Plastic PLA Polylactic corrosive (PLA), a plastic substitute produced using aged plant starch (typically corn) is rapidly turning into a well known option in contrast to customary oil based plastics. As an ever increasing number of nations and states follow the lead of China, Ireland, South Africa, Uganda and San Francisco in prohibiting plastic staple sacks answerable for to such an extent called â€Å"white pollution† around the globe, PLA is ready to assume a major job as a reasonable, biodegradable substitution. Advocates additionally tout the utilization of PLA, which is in fact â€Å"carbon neutral† in that it originates from sustainable, carbon-retaining plants, so far another approach to diminish our emanations of ozone depleting substances in a rapidly warming world. PLA likewise won't emanate harmful vapor when burned. In any case, there are still issues with the utilization of polylactic corrosive, for example, its moderate pace of biodegradability, its powerlessness to blend in with different plastics in reusing, and its high utilization of hereditarily adjusted corn (however apparently the last could be one of the great impacts of PLA as it gives a valid justification to modify crop yields with hereditary joining). The Cons of PLA: Biodegradation Rate and Recycling Pundits state that PLA is a long way from a panacea for managing the world’s plastic waste issue. For a certain something, in spite of the fact that PLA biodegrades, it does so gradually. As indicated by Elizabeth Royte, writing in Smithsonian, PLA may well separate into its constituent parts (carbon dioxide and water) inside a quarter of a year in a â€Å"controlled fertilizing the soil environment,† that is, a mechanical treating the soil office warmed to 140 F and took care of a consistent eating regimen of stomach related microorganisms. It will take far longer in a manure canister, or in a landfill stuffed so firmly that no light and little oxygen are accessible to aid the procedure. In fact, examiners gauge that a PLA jug could take somewhere in the range of 100 to 1,000 years to break down in a landfill. Another issue with PLA is that it must be kept separate when reused, in case it pollutes the reusing stream; since PLA is plant-based, it should be discarded in fertilizing the soil offices, which focuses to another issue: There are as of now a couple hundred modern evaluation treating the soil offices over the United States. At long last, PLA is normally made of hereditarily altered corn, in any event in the United States. The biggest maker of PLA on the planet is NatureWorks, an auxiliary of Cargill, which is the world’s biggest supplier of hereditarily adjusted corn seed. This is dubious in light of the fact that the future expenses of hereditary adjustment (and the related pesticides) to nature and human wellbeing are still to a great extent obscure. Stars of PLA Over Plastics: Utility and Biodegradability Hereditarily adjusted nourishments might be a disputable issue, however with regards to hereditarily spicing plants together to raise corn that yields more harvests for modern use has its significant points of interest. With the expanding interest for corn to make ethanol fuel, not to mention PLA, it’s no big surprise that Cargill and others have been altering qualities to create better returns. At any rate destructive plastic isnt be utilized as often as possible any longer! Numerous enterprises are utilizing PLA since they are equipped for biodegrading at an a lot quicker rate than plastic while as yet offering a similar degree of sanitation and utility. Everything from plastic clamshells for food take-out to clinical items would now be able to be produced using PLA, which definitely diminishes the carbon impression of these businesses. While PLA has guarantee as an option in contrast to customary plastic once the methods for removal are worked out, purchasers may be ideally serviced by just changing to reusable compartments, from fabric sacks, containers, and rucksacks for shopping for food to protected, reusable (non-plastic) bottles for drinks.

Characters in Hamlet Essay

For what reason does one live? What reason does one serve? What is the significance of life? These are for the most part existential inquiries that both antiquated and current rationalists presently can't seem to agreeably reply. The heaviness of one’s mortality and the distinctions of life and demise are presented directly from the beginning of Shakespeare’s play _Hamlet_ having Hamlet, in the consequence of his father’s passing, endeavor to investigate these existential inquiries, looking for truth and understanding as he attempts to get a handle on the account about his father’s demise. Claudius then again is profoundly thinking about his activities while additionally bearing a troublesome worry of eternal life. Claudius acts to create Hamlet’s disarray and outrage, and his resulting look for truth and life’s meaning, yet Claudius himself is certifiably not a fixed character. In private, he is a totally different character. Unmistakably Claudius is viewed as a deadly miscreant, however an isolated scalawag: a man who can't forgo supporting his own wants. He isn't a beast, just ethically feeble, plan on exchanging his mankind for power. Polonius is a man loaded up with trust in his insight, and keeping in mind that he is an egotist, and he spouts expressions, his adages comprise sound counsel and his perceptions substantiate themselves prophetic. In _Hamlet_, life and passing gives numerous impacts and outcomes to every one of these characters, influencing both their well-creatures and feeling of importance. Finik 2 Hamlet is a college understudy of Wittenberg who every now and again mulls over on a few bewildering philosophical inquiries, and potentially self destruction. When King Hamlet, his dad, kicks the bucket, he gets back to Denmark just to find that there was proof of treachery in his father’s passing. â€Å"_The snake that stung thy father’s life/Now wears his crown_. † (I. V. 39-40). The Ghost of King Hamlet discloses to Hamlet that his uncle Claudius is the killer. Feeling conclusive, Hamlet looks to demonstrate Claudius’ coerce before he makes any move. Be that as it may, Hamlet rushes to act now and again: he continually overstates his mind while overlooking his feelings and what feels right. Despite the fact that his father’s passing set high feelings for Hamlet, it fills in as just one of the inconvenient occasions for Hamlet. The way that his mom, Gertrude, has finished her grieving and hitched another man (Claudius) so rapidly, shows Hamlet the distinctions in certain people groups musings, choices, and conceivably lifestyle. â€Å"_Frailty, thy name is women_! † (I,II,146). In this statement, Hamlet is talking in his first monologue. The â€Å"women† he explicitly alludes to is his mom. Hamlet feels that Gertrude is frail and not sufficiently able to grieve his dad any more. Hamlet even keeps on saying that not by any means a creature, or brute, who has no thinking or aptitudes, would have relinquished the grieving so rapidly. With everything taken into account, this shows how irate and bothered Hamlet is by his mother’s marriage. In spite of the fact that Hamlet gives off an impression of being the model of an enemy of existentialist from the start of the play, Hamlet’s rationale gradually starts to unwind, with layer after layer uncovering more bits of Hamlet’s feeling. As Hamlet talks the line: _To be, or not to be, that is the question:_ _Whether ’tis nobler in the brain to suffer_ _The slings and bolts of over the top fortune,_ _Finik 3_ _Or to take arms against an ocean of troubles_ (III,I,58-61) He is thinking about the idea of self destruction and wishing that God had not made self destruction a wrongdoing. Hamlet’s uneasiness and vulnerability makes him question the intensity of reason alone to comprehend his issues. Hamlet starts to understand that reason is vulnerable in managing the profundities of human life, which is one of the focal attestations of existentialism. Notwithstanding, in thinking about the two his feelings and thinking, Hamlet maintains a strategic distance from the enticement of self destruction realizing that to escape life’s torment, would intend to everlastingly endure in damnation. By choosing to remain alive and counter Claudius’ extortion, Hamlet unequivocally exhibits his internal existential characteristics. As Claudius is presented, he communicates as a smart and able pioneer. Claudius gives a discourse expectation on making his court and nation happy with their new pioneer, tending to the individuals of his brother’s demise, his ongoing marriage and the potential disquiet with Norway. Claudius is very much aware that if any change would happen in the administration, common turmoil would unfurl. His discourse consolidates the people’s misfortune with a fresh start that they will have under his duty. He likewise utilizes the demise of King Hamlet to make a feeling of national unification, â€Å"_the entire realm/To be contracted in one forehead of woe_† (I.II. 3-4), yet in private, Claudius disguises an altogether different character. The Ghost alludes to him as â€Å"_that depraved, that defile beast_† (I. V. 42), and soon, his wrongdoing is what is known to be what is â€Å"_rotten in the province of Denmark_† (I. IV. 90). The King has submitted fratricide and has taken the Queen with â€Å"_the black magic of his wit_† (I. V. 47). Claudius speaks to the most exceedingly terrible of human pride, demonstrating eagerness, debasement and overabundance. Be that as it may, Claudius isn't completely a sociopath. His activities infrequently gauge overwhelming on him: Finik 4 _O, ’tis true_. _How shrewd a lash that discourse doth give my soul! _ _The harlot’s cheek, embellished with putting art,_ _Is not all the more revolting to what helps it_ _Than is my deed to my most painted word:_ _O substantial burden_ (III. I. 49-53) Claudius attempts to approach God for pardoning in a monologue, however understands that he despite everything benefits from his wrongdoings and isn't happy to surrender them. â€Å"_But what type of petition/Can serve my turn? Pardon me my foul homicide/That can't be, since I am still possess’d of those impacts for which I did murder_† (III. IV. 52-54). Claudius can likewise how some affectability. He is truly upset for Polonius’ demise, and he genuinely cherishes Gertrude. In spite of the fact that he firmly plans on murdering Hamlet, he will not do so himself for Gertrude’s benefit. Claudius may show affectability for some characters at the same time, no one precedes his own wants. An incredible case of this is the way Claudius doesn't plan to prevent Gertrude from drinking the toxic substance in the flagon during the duel among Hamlet and Laertes since it would have ensnared Claudius in his plot to execute Hamlet. Consequently, placing his wants before all. While most different characters in _Hamlet_ are distracted with thoughts of equity, vengeance, and good equalization, Claudius is settled on looking after force. Polonius, a man overflowing with certainty, appears to be a weak elderly person who can't utter a word without endeavoring an extraordinary discourse. At different occasions, it feels as though however he is Finik 5 sabotaging the life of the court through a system of spies. When Polonius discovers his child Laertes, before leaving for France, he asks him â€Å"_aboard, aboard_† (I. III. 55), however continues to keep him from boarding by giving some exhort. This discourse finishes up with the message-â€Å"_to thine own self be valid/thou canst not then be false_† (I. III. 79-80). However, at some point later, Polonius is requesting Reynaldo to keep an eye on Laertes and intentionally trap him by trickery â€Å"_and there put on him what frauds you please_,† (II. I. 19-20) which means to be bogus, to state that Laertes is into â€Å"_drinking, fencing, swearing, quarreling, and drabbing_† (II. I. 26-27). As opposed to what Polonius has told Laertes, he is advising Reynaldo to be bogus and that his â€Å"_bait of misrepresentation takes this carp of truth_† (II. I. 63). Taking all things together, Polonius is worried about his own notoriety more than the sentiments and prosperity of others. He invests a lot of energy into acquiring what he believes is correct and utilizes long addresses to persuade others. At long last nonetheless, he is murdered by one of his own sharp plans. Hamlet’s unending reflection does at long last assistance him to defeat his extraordinary tension. At the point when he comes back from banish in Act V, Hamlet seems, by all accounts, to be altogether different. He is quiet and less scared of death. He has come to understand that fate is eventually controlling the entirety of our lives, and any sense or question of existentialism would change nothing. Hamlet is prepared to go up against the meandering truth that to retaliate for his father’s passing he should submit a similar represent which he looks for vengeance. He currently concedes that he remains unaware of the world, â€Å"_since no man knows nothing of what he leaves, what is’t to leave betimes? Let be_. † (V. II. 207-208). Hamlet has arrived at the peak of his way of thinking; he has set himself up for death. Claudius is the antagonist of the piece, as he admits to himself: â€Å"_O, my offense is rank it scents to heaven_† (III,III,40). His fratricide is the debasement attacking the occasions around †that which is, in the expressions of Marcellus, â€Å"_rotten in the territory of Denmark_. † Claudius is socially proficient, and his appeal is common. He can show profound trouble Finik 6 over his â€Å"_dear brother’s death_† yet rapidly transforms grieving into festivity and proceeds onward â€Å"_With merriment in memorial service and with requiem in marriage_† to whatever lies ahead. He is an exceptionally unequivocal man and perceives that he his â€Å"_offense is rank_† and â€Å"_smells to heaven_,† he likewise concedes that he won't present appropriate reparations with God since he will not surrender what his wrongdoing has benefitted him. He is happy to face the results of his activities after death while appreciate an extraordinary desire of intensity throughout everyday life. In spite of the huge measure of understanding, Polonius is credulous. Polonius’ powerlessness to comprehend Hamlet mirrors his capacity to get things. To demonstrate his confidence in Hamlet’s franticness he summons a little play-acting from Ophelia. He mislead

Research into Consumer Behaviour - Free Essay Example

Declaration of originality I hereby declare that this project was entirely my own work and that any additional sources of information have been duly cited. I hereby declare that any internet sources, published or unpublished works from which I have quoted or drawn reference have been reference fully in the text and in the contents list. I understand that failure to do this will result in failure of this project due to Plagiarism. I understand I may be called for a viva and if so must attend. I acknowledge that was my responsibility to check whether I am required to attend and that I will be available during the viva period. ABSTRACT Consumer behaviour is a factor that is given a lot of importance in the marketing world. The launch of any product can result in its success or failure depending on the manner in which consumer behaviour is analysed and the extent to which consumers are motivated. Food being a basic necessity of mankind has a huge market potential especially with the organic food. Consumers are becoming increasingly dissatisfied with GM (Genetically Modified) and conventional food. Therefore there is an inclination seen towards the organic food sector in the market. Organic food is said to be healthier due to ethical ways of production which do not use man-made chemicals and unnecessary preservatives as opposed to conventional food. It is also said to be eco-friendly because of environment conscious methods which are used for the production of organic food. The advantages of organic food are more whereas the disadvantages (such as price premium) are negligible when compared to its better side. Regu lar buyers of organic food are willing to overlook these minor disadvantages which are negligible. In this research work, the consumer behaviour in the United Kingdom (UK) regarding organic food is studied and compared with that in India. The factors (such as consumer expectations, beliefs, criteria, concerns, quality, awareness and so on) that affect marketing of organic food in the UK and in India are also studied with relevance to consumer behaviour. In the United Kingdom, organic food market is majorly divided whereas the Indian market is growing at a faster pace. The growing demand for organic foods from the consumers because of its quality, safety and positive environmental impacts have increased the demand among the consumers. The research has contributed good knowledge of the various factors that can depict the future organic food consumer trends in the United Kingdom and in India. Some of the main factors like the consumer demographic. Apparently this has enabled to outline certain challenges that may assist in improving the current marketing strategy for organic food in India. Suggestions were also given in the later part of the dissertation that can change the present marketing scenario and would inevitably encourage more consumers to decide on buying organic food. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I would like to thank god for giving me immense strength and courage to complete this dissertation and my parents for empowering their blessings throughout this dissertation. Secondly, I would like to extend my gratitude to Simon Speller, my supervisor who was always enthusiastic and motivated me to complete my dissertation. I wish to express my warm and sincere gratitude towards him who encouraged and guided me throughout my research study. I would like to thank specially my Module leader Yi Zhu, who encouraged me and never hesitated to help me out during my study. I immensely thank my friends especially Taj and Tinoy and the employees of the stores who were always there to lend me their hand. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION This study is focused on the consumer behaviour and to understand their approach towards organic food in the United Kingdom and in India. Organic food has a healthier demand because of its better quality, taste and appearance. Brunso (2002) denotes that since the organic food is healthier and the process of making it is more convenient, consumers will easily accept these merits. Consumer lifestyle has been noted as one of the factors for the consumers to make certain preferences and organic food is better prevailing among consumers since people are more focused on a healthy lifestyle. They prefer organic food since it is healthier, fresher, tastier, residue free and eco-friendly. It is nutritional and tastier and the process of producing the organic food is not harmful to the environment when compared to conventional food Lang, (2005). When the consumers see the label organic, they presume that the product is of superior quality because of the way it is processed. The use of natura l raw materials, welfare oriented animal husbandry and eco-friendly usages of land are the aspects regarded by a consumer. According to an organic consumer, the word organic implies quality which means unadulterated ingredients which is favourable to the consumers likewise the production process is also safer to the environment which comprises of the wellbeing of the humans, animals and plants. On the whole it is beneficial to the community and the universe (Beck et al., 2006). Conventional foods are produced using pesticides, fertilizers, ionizing radiation and they are dependent on soil and water polluting methods. Hence consumers are prepared to pay more for organic food which is of residue free. Virtually all non-organically produced foods contain residues of pesticides, fertilizers and other chemicals, and to prevent the consumption of these infirmity consumers buy organic food which is tastier and nutritious. According to the Consumer reports, since 1996 pesticides which we re formerly used extensively are now federally banned and restricted by some manufacturers to meet safety standards in particular for the children Dabbert, Haering, Zanoli, (2004). The Food Quality Protection Act (1996) recognizes that many pesticides are dangerous for the human health meticulously for the infants and children McEachern, Willock, (2004). Organic food preserves the diversity among the flora and fauna in an environment. It even supports the nutrients in soil for a better soil fertility. Organic food is grown and produced using some production standards. Some consumers prioritise to universalistic values such as social justice and unity with nature and hence they are more focused in purchasing organic food rather than conventional food (Grunert et al., 2001). The pesticides which are used for conventional farming is not used for the production of organic food. There is no residue or impurities in the food which is harmful for the consumers and the environment. Org anic food is safe and has no industrial or human waste. During earlier days organic food was cultivated only in farmers gardens and some households for their own use Torgusen et al., (2001). So organically produced food was not accessible at all places and was not extensively available. There are certification and strict regulations to produce and market organic foods. The regulations are pursued for the betterment of the quality of the organic food. These are some of the strategies followed to enhance the quality of the organic food. But in the recent years the production of organic food is supplementary. It is widely available at all domestic and urban areas. Since consumers are more cognisant about their health and environment, the demand for organic food is additional and perhaps the supply has also been amplified. A wide range of organic food and non organic food consumers were addressed and scrutinised to obtain their observation and appreciation towards organic food. All o rganic food consumers are not having the same method of approach towards organic food. Subsequently the statistical process guides us to comprehend the relation and the model of the consumer behaviour trends on organic food in the UK and in India. We could also categorize the similarities and contrast of the consumers in the UK and in India. The way of approach between the two countries and the stimulant for their choices are discussed. To acquire data many respondents were given questionnaires to answer questions pertaining to this topic and later these questionnaires were gathered to scrutinized and draw facts. Towards the end of this research recommendations and conclusion are given. 1.1 Aim and Objectives The main aim of this Research is to identify the consumer behaviour towards organic food in the United Kingdom and in India. In order to fulfil this aim, the following objectives have been identified: To identify the demographic characteristics in the UK and in India for the consumption of organic food. To analyze the consumer attributes considered in the UK and in India while buying organic foods. To assess the beliefs of consumers towards purchase of organic foods. To examine the consumer behaviour towards organic food in The UK and in India. 1.2 Research Approach The research approach adopted for this study is quantitative methodology. The results collated from this survey will then be analyzed to make findings and future recommendations. The respondents will comprise of people who are involved in the consumption of organic and conventional food products. The survey will thus help in successfully achieving evidence for the research problem and objective. The main advantage of using these methods is that it helps in understanding and exploring the contextual information of the research topic (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill, 2003) and these when mutually combined with research literatures shall provide a broader perspective to the research topic. 1.3 Research Outline This chapter thus encapsulates the research topic and justifies the need for this study. It describes the aim and objectives of the study and outlines the approach adopted for this research. Chapter 2 reviews the literature and strives to evaluate the consumer behaviour and attitudes in terms of food choice of customers and preferences with regard to organic food. Chapter 3 describes the methodology adopted for this study and the reasoning behind the method selection. It also enumerates the data collection methods. Chapter 4 analyzes the data collected from the survey and interprets the findings to present the attitudes towards organic foods. Based on the findings an attempt has been made to provide recommendations. Chapter 5 discusses the limitations and the implications for future research. It also summarizes the entire research. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter details all the relevant study completed so far with relevance to consumer behaviour and organic food. The question posed in this research was derived by analyzing theories and patterns from previous research work which helps us to comprehend the topic better. 2.1 Preface An individuals lifestyle basically depends on two majors attributes such as food preferences and consumption. These preferences facilitate the betterment of their wellbeing. Food plays a vital role in the composition of a human being and the food that is consumed is influenced by many factors. A number of models have been framed to study these influences. One such model developed by Shepherd (1985) explains the factors that are essential when considering food preferences Diagram which is at figure 1. The demand for organic food in the food industry is growing at a faster pace in countries such as Europe, North America, Australia and Japan hitting to an annual sales of $114.5 billion (Arbindra et al., 2005). The need for such food has increased in recent years amongst people who are health conscious and those that like to lend their hand in the conservation of the environment. According to Makatouni (2002) organic food is professed as a type of food that is without chemicals and growth hormones and it is not produced intensively but is grown naturally. Organic foods are always linked to naturalness Da Costa et al., (2000). A study was conducted by Garnkvist and Biel (2001) to correlate the purchasing of eco labelled foods with other purchasing criterias such as price, product familiarity, environmental consequences, quality, personal experiences, package attractiveness, effects on own health. It was analyzed that health and environmental consequences were the two major factors that correlated with purchase of eco labelled foods. 2.2 Quality of Organic Foods The production of organic food follows mandatory regulatory and quality based standards. The production process is monitored by the legal certification body. The concerned officer will validate the entire production process, therefore enhancing the quality of the food and after the inspection is completed, the organic certificate is then granted Nielsen, Bech-Larsen Grunert, (1998). The quality of the food can be estimated from different perspectives. Hoffman (1994) indicates four qualities which are sensory, nutritive, hygienic-toxicological and technological. There are varied consumers like the technologists and the inspectors who have different qualities but every consumer will show attention to nutritious and sensory values of food Padel Foster, (2005). Food inspectors concentrate more on hygienic issues and technologists are more focused on the technological aspects of the raw material, nevertheless countries which exercise the inspection system undergo these aspects before the food reaches the consumers (Hoffman 1994). A consumer choice of food is entirely an individuals perception of qualities related to food. These qualities can be roughly classified into two broad categories. They are sensory characteristic and non-sensory characteristic. Hoffmans (1994) proposals research has exhibited that consumers focus more on sensed characteristics of food and it plays a vital role in their choice of food Wandel Bugge (1997). The most essential criteria for food choice are taste Holm Kildevang, (1996). There are also other imperative features like appearance, odour and freshness (Wandel Bugee (1997). On the other hand studies show us that consumers are increasing in number for those who are keen on non-sensory characteristics. Some of them are the absence of food additives, preservatives and residues, nutritional value and how the production of food was made. These enhance the quality of organic food which drives customers towards it Wilkins Hillers, ( 1994). Wellbeing of the animal and fair- trade is the qualities related to ethical factors which are also taken into regard for the importance of food choice. There is dissimilarity between sensory and non-sensory qualities. The non-sensory attributes are hard to comprehend by the consumer. Consequently for those who show great importance to such characteristics, trust may be of their bigger concern. 2.3 Consumer Behaviour on organic food: Consumer behaviour plays a major role in marketing. No trade can take place without a consumer. Belch and Belch (2007) defines consumer behaviour as the process and activities people engage in when searching for, selecting, purchasing, using, evaluating, and disposing of products and services so as to satisfy their needs and desires. Consumers are basically become very selective in buying their products. In marketing point, it is a vital aspect to comprehend the consumer skilfully and to satisfy their needs, wants and demands and attract them towards the product. It is the consumer who is the main source for any kind of business to run efficiently, without whom there is no point in running any organizations, industries and business oriented companies. Hence, the vital outcome is satisfaction of a consumer. In the case of organic food, a consumer is interested in organic food because of the ecological factor and the infirmity of the non organic food which motivates them to buy organ ic food which is healthy and eco-friendly. Mc Gregor Blackholly (1990) researched about consumer attitudes, values and purchasing habits of organic food and eventually concluded that consumers are very health oriented, focusing more on residue free food and taking ecological factors into consideration whether the price is low or high. Consumer behaviour is the activities people undertake when obtaining, consuming and disposing of products and services Schutz Lorenz (1970). Consumer behaviour concentrates more on how an individual decides and determines to spend their available resources like time, money, effort on consumption associated substances. The term consumer behaviour illustrates two diverse kinds of consuming entities. They are personal consumer and organizational consumer. A personal consumer purchases goods for an individuals own use. In each of these perspectives, the goods are purchased by an individual for the final use, who is referred to as an end user or ult imate consumer. The subsequent category of consumers are the organizational consumer that comprises of profit and non profit businesses, government agencies and institutions for which they must buy goods in order to run their businesses or organizations Lockie, Lyons Lawrence (2004). 2.3.1 Consumer behaviour on organic food in India The term organic farming is not new to India, Sir Albert Howard an expert in organic farming studied the soil plant interaction and developed ways to tackle and improvise the methods to advance the conventional principles of organic farming such as mixed cropping, crop rotation and legumes Howard (2000). This conventional method of farming was one of main source of income in the rural areas of India. India was also one of the largest exporters of organic foods until 1960s. The advent of green revolution regulated by the government made the farmers to change their conventional method with the use of pesticides and they started the sideline of organic farming. Assocham study (https://www.freshplaza.com/news_detail.asp?id=15251) has mentioned that organic food consumption in the country is now low among educated and health conscious people in the metros due to its high cost. In its survey Use of Organic Products and Non-Organic Products in Metros, the Industry body said only one ou t of every 30 people in metros are customised to consume organic products, whereas 20% of farmers are engaged in organic farming. The industry chamber claimed that the price difference ranges from 35-40% due to the scarcity of organic products and poor marketing strategies. About 300 retailers in India said consumers purchase organic products on health and environmental grounds. However, around 60% of those surveyed said the customers do not purchase foods that promote specific health benefits due to high cost, it said. Also, over 58% retailers blamed unavailability of organic products in stores for low consumption; it said adding that lack of credibility is the key barrier for consumption of food products claiming to promote health benefits. Though Indians are getting more and more conscious about health, organic products are yet to make a mark amongst the average Indian household. Marketers of organic food need to not only educate consumers about the benefit it offers, but a lso build credibility for the offer and thereby buy consumers trust before they can expect any takers, said Assocham president, Venugopal Dhoot (https://www.freshplaza.com/news_detail.asp?id=15251). The usage of organic food by local consumers is less when compared to the non localities. It is exported in large to the other countries. The domestic consumption of organic food by the local consumers are only a meagre of 7.5% of the whole organic food which is produced and the rest of which of the major portion is exported and because Indian agriculture skills are accepted all over the world because of its traditional and natural resources are pure in India. Majority of the domestic consumption of organic food is in urban places like Chennai, Mumbai, Kolkota, Delhi, Hyderabad and many more urban cities. These cities are of well known urban cities which are considered as upper income groups of consumers who contribute the major share in consuming organic food in India. 2.3.2 Consumer behaviour on organic food in the UK The market significance of the production of organic food in the UK is increasing recently and is estimated at ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬14 billion Data monitor, 2008. The production of organic food spreads out widely as an effect of the growing market potential (Wier Calverley, 2002). The information provided by the pro-organic groups revealed nearly most of the population consumes organic food. For instance if there are three shoppers, two out of three purchase organic food which is around 65.4 per cent The Soil Association, (1999). During the year march 2007, the trading value in the UK was  £1 billion for the groceries of  £128 billion and this shows the organic share is approximately about 0.78 per cent of sales of total groceries. Henceforth there was a random increase in the markets of farmers, internet based retailing, farm shops, retail sectors sales ascended from  £300 million in 2004 to  £384 million in 2004 The Soil Association, (2006) . In regard to this massive market value these models have been emulated across the UK broadening from the south of England to north Reed The Soil Association, (2005). Demand for organic food is increasing radically. Within Europe, the UK is positioned fifth for its revenue for the organic products, which was half a billion US dollars during the year 1998/1999 (Soil Association, 1999). The UKs organic market with other countries like Switzerland, Denmark and Sweden are reaching the highest annual growth rate in organic sales when compared within Europe and the estimation is to be surplus of 30 per cent Randall Sanjur, (1981). The Soil Association determined that in the year of 1999 the UK market for organic products expanded rapidly to 40 per cent (Soil Association, 1999) and they even forecast that by 2002 that the growth of organic market would give a turnover worth US $1.5 billion in retail market sales which signifies 7 per cent to 8 per cent of the food market (Robins et al ., 2000). On the contrary, despite the fact that the demand for organic food is ascending, supply is also descending (FAO, 2001). During the year of 1999, though the supply of organic production has been increased to 25 per cent, however it could not meet the requirements of the consumer demand. As a consequence 70 per cent of organic food which was sold domestically was imported (Soil Association, 1999). When compared to other European countries, the UK was categorised third to import from developing countries because of the drastic demand by the consumers (European Commission, 2000). Since last ten years organic food is booming among mainstream retailers and consumers. Even supermarkets in the UK are trading more on organic food and investing intensively for advertising of organic food among consumers. It is studied that supermarkets sell 70 per cent of all organic fruit and vegetables (FAO, 2001). Padel and Foster (2005) researched that the consumers in the UK are more cogn isant about their health which drives them from buying organic food which is free from residue and are concerned about the safety of food. Zanoli, (2004) recognises that all across Europe, well being of the health is the main motivation for consumers to purchase organic food. Even others factors which were favourable to the environment and animals were another motivation for consumers to go organic (Padel and Foster, 2005). From the UK the origin of the food is very vital for the consumers of which 60 per cent of them are keener in buying organic food which is originated from the UK whereas the rest of 38 per cent are not concerned from where it is produced (TNS, 2003). Price factor was a major hindrance for consumers who are regular buyers of organic food though they were organic oriented and had a compliance to pay (TNS, 2003). This is recurrent across Europe (Zanoli, 2004). Consumers had a frequency of buying organic food and their average range was 12.8 times a year and their expenditure for an average per shopping trip was 2.53 (TNS, 2003). The major part of organic consumers purchases organic food from Waitrose, Tesco and Sainsburys since it is widely available in those supermarkets. Its a vital factor for the producers from developing countries to benefit from the UK because the organic market is expanding drastically in the UK and since certified organic food grows persistently (Dolan et al., 1999). 2.4 Perception of Consumers on Organic Food In many researches we can see that a major amount of consumers are more interested and focused into organically produced foods (Ekelund, 1989; Wandel and Bugge, 1997; Wilkins and Hillers, 1994). Consumers are more aware and have a constructive belief about organic food when compared to conventional substitutes (Grankvist and Biel, 2001). However the section of purchasing organic food is comparatively low when compared to conventional food Grunert Juhl, (1995). Henceforth there is an inconsistency between preferences and behaviour. This inconsistency maybe due to numerous aspects. A main hindrance is the premium price which is higher than the conventional food (Roininen, Lahteenmaki Tuorila, 2000) and another aspect is the scarce of availability (Jollly, 1991). To add on to it, the supply of conventional food gives the consumers a satisfaction (Ekelund, 1989) Consumers used to believe that organic foods have superior sensory attributes Williams, (2002). Nevertheless, scientific sensory research has only shown little Johansson et al., (1999). According to Haglunds (1998) studies, a trained sensory product was additional sweeter in taste which was organically grown than the conventionally grown tomatoes. On the contrary, the organically grown carrot was bitter in taste, less sweet and less crunchy when compared to conventionally grown carrots. When a product is organically produced it is shown widely to increase the consumer preference Johansson et al., (1999). A blind consumer preference test of tomatoes was conducted by Johansson and colleagues (1999) and another preference tests either with false or correct information about the production method (conventional or organic). They discovered that the information organically produced was more preferential however the effect of the information was more essential for the tomatoes that were less liked in the blind test (Johansson et al., 1999). Henceforth, consumers opt for organic food because of the productio n method and the positive belief about the production method. However there are variations between consumers who buy organic food frequently and who buy at fewer intervals. Torjusen et al. (2001) discovered that the consumers who buy organic food regularly are more focused on characteristics that reflect back on them. For instance fewest possible additives, environmentally sound production, ethical and political considerations, animal wellbeing. To add on to it there were consumers who were concerned about local business and those who preferred buying locally produced foods purchased organic food (Torjusen et al., 2001). There were consumers who bought organic food for their betterment of wellbeing and other environmental aspects (Schifferstein Ophuis, 1998) 2.6 Factors Affecting consumer behaviour: Cultural Factors: Cultural factors intensely influence the consumers perception towards products (Blythe, 2008). In countries like India traditions and customs extensively control most of a persons conduct. For example in India an egg less cookie or an egg less cake does exceedingly well because its advertisement stressed on the word Vegetarian 100% and since there are a lot of vegetarians in India. So, any vegetarian brand did very well in India in most of the states in the north and in the south. There are many subcultures in India who eat eggs and consider them as a vegetarian food and dont eat any other non-vegetarian foods Social Class Actually every country in this world has its own social structure, and under every social structure they have different classes and sub classes. In each different social class, they have their own stable social members, where each of the members in every social class share similar ethics, morals, standards and behaviours Eyerman Jamison,( 1989). India is known for its vast number of religion and caste. The common differentiation is based on their income as the upper class, the middle class and the lower class. For example it is considered that the upper class people are the wealthiest and the lower class are considered to be poorer. The majority of the Indian population consists of middle class when compared to the above mentioned classes Fernandes (2006). Every society has a composition of different social classes. A social class is categorised orderly into permanent segments who share the same ethics, interests, attitudes, incomes and behaviours Morris et al. (2001). There ar e some particular six social classes which are the registrar generals class which has been followed from the contemporary period though some of the established countries have their own system. Not only do class systems differ in various parts of the world, the relative sizes of the classes vary with the relative prosperity of countries (Blythe, 2008). The diamond shaped classification is typical of developed countries, although the Japanese and Scandinavian scales are flatter. In less developed countries, such as in Latin American and Africa, the structure is pyramid shaped with a concentration of poor people at the base. As countries develop their class structure moves towards the diamond shape, although there is evidence that the gap between the richest and poorest in the English speaking countries is now widening. Some class systems have a greater influence on buying behaviour than others. In most western countries lower classes may exhibit upward mobility, showing buying behavio ur similar to that of the upper classes. But in other cultures, where a caste system gives poor people a distinctive role, buying behaviour is more firmly to social class, upper classes in almost all societies are often more similar to each other than they are to the rest of their own society. When selecting products and services including food, clothing, household items and personal care products, they make choices that are less cultural bound than those of the lower classes (Armstrong Kotler, 2007). Social Factor: A consumers behaviour is largely influenced by family, friends, neighbours, and so on different groups influence the consumers decisions at different times Krigjsman,(2007). There are two kinds of groups which influence the consumer behaviour. They are the primary group that intends to consist of informal friends, family etc. The other group is the secondary group which is more formal like the work place colleagues, religious groups, and work unions and so on. Family Group: The immediate family group influences the buyers behaviour to possibly the greatest level. (Senauer, 1990)For example, an expensive product is often discussed between the family members before the purchase is made. For products related to home maintenance such as washing, cooking. The lady in the house is often the chooser of the product and for more masculine products it is the man who chooses. 2.6 The Impact of Organic Food on the Environment According to the Soil Association (2000) there are intensively many consumers who purchase organic food who are more concerned about the environmental welfare. The process how the organic food is produced is truly natural and confines the usage of artificial chemical fertilizers or pesticides. Even the reduction of antibiotic usage for animals is confined. As an alternative it stresses more on farming approach such as crop rotation which is for the welfare of the soil and it even control the pests naturally. Eventually it even takes care of the well being of animals and higher welfare standards, Stacey (2009). At times every now and then consumers are not environmentally friendly. The behaviour transforms between types of actions. Some consumers are better off in recycling rather than buying food which is produced in an environmental friendly approach (Grankvist, 2001). Some authors feel the relationship between the environmental attitudes, their concerns and behaviours is not r elating to the environmental beneficial (Ebero, Hershey Vining, 1999). The production of organic food is not harmful to the soil, water, air or even the flora and fauna in the sense that they do not release any toxins or harmful substances into the environment or the ecology as a whole Bredahl, (1999). The energy consumed for organic farming is much lesser than the level of energy needed for conventional farming methods thereby helping energy conservation process. The usage of pesticides for farming of conventional food contains a great percentage of harmful toxic chemicals which have a negative impact on the health of the farmers, those living in the locality of the farms and the people who consume them. The aquatic animals in the water bodies near the farms and the birds which feed on the produce of these farms suffer various genetic problems and disorders which are mostly fatal. Organic food production is a reduced amount of destruction to the environment because stability and diversity among and within plant and animal species in an environment is maintained. Organic farming has lower amount of carbon than conventional agriculture since organic food production dont depend on agrochemicals and artificial fertilizers which utilise fossil fuel and on an average using 27 per cent less energy, in accordance to Government findings Basker (1988). Likewise it is stated by the survey conducted by Soil Associations Organic Market report (2009), consumers of organic food graded that since the production of organic food is having less impact on the environment they tend to buy organic food. In view of the fact that organic production is not destructive to the world and the environment, even wildlife can thrive on organic farms Smith Marsden (2004). To add on to it even enhances the growth of flora and fauna without conflicting it from its natural growth. Consumers are more concerned about the environmental issues and it even reflects back to them for their everyday life so they are prepared to buy organic food which does no harm to their health and the environment. 2.7 Demographic Differences Demographic segmentation deals with the many ways if statistically categorizing all the people in a national population. For instance, a national population can be divided into subgroups based on age, sex, income, education, occupation, social class, family size, race and religion (Schiffman Kanuk, 2004). In a sense, there are also different ways of looking at the same individual consumer, because of course we belong to each of these groups. Different aspects of our identity will be relevant to different products at different times (Thompson, 1998). Baby foods can only be marketed to parents of young children, for example and a middle-class, middle aged, middle income, middle manager is more likely to be in the market for an exercise bike than a motor bike. Some of the important specifics of demographic segmentation are: Age: Studies have shown that the intention to purchase organic foods depends on age. Younger consumers purchase organic foods with consideration to the environment animal welfare where as older people purchase organic foods for ones own health Jannsen Jager ,(2001). The complexity between age and environmental behaviour still persist. Age is perhaps the most frequently used demographic variable in marketing segmentation. One reason for this is that the lifecycle has been divided up by society into what seem to be easily recognizable groups that are clearly differentiated from one another- children, teenagers, young adults and so on Grunert Juhl,(1995). On the contrary few studies suggested that younger consumers are more positive where as others posses positive attitudes. Gender: Dividing the market into male and female segments is another frequently used strategy. But even here, the old marketing certainties are breaking down. Women are more health conscious than that of men and women tend to follow suggestion from health experts when they are compared to that of men Wilkins Hillers (1994). Thus the need for organic foods is more among women than with the latter. The environmentally friendly behaviour is yet another aspect that keeps them motivated in the consuming organic foods. Education Income: Food quality and consumption is always associated with that of education. A study established that people with good education had increased consumption of fruits and vegetables Wier Calverey, (2002). The benefit of organic foods and eating healthy is given importance by highly educated people where as study shows that there is no correlation between education and environmentally friendly products related to animal wellbeing. On the other hand eating healthy is more associated with that of education than that of income. It is interesting to see that people with higher education are willing to pay more for organic foods. The purchasing ability of foods is often linked to the income level of the household. 2.8 Consumer food choice: Consumer choices in buying food are always dense and complicated. Choice of food is mostly based on moral and health aspects of eating. Primarily consumers prefer food which is not harmful for the environment, human health and the environment. In the recent years consumers are more inclined and sceptical about the environment so it is hard for a consumer to decide on purchasing the food which is an important factor in their life Randall Sanjur, (1985). Some choose because it is perhaps of good at taste and others prefer because it is of nutritional value and healthy. Likewise some consumers prefer organic food rather than conventional food because their choice of preference varies. For instance, at western countries people tend to choose smaller amount of meat and prefer meat which are produced in a better and responsible way like organic or free-range meant Dahlstrand Biel (1997). There are other characteristics which affect consumer food choice, like personal and social charact eristics. For instance, a resident from an urban place can buy a certified food with much ease rather than a resident living in a rural area and has a very limited choice. Consumers opt for organic food because of its high in vitamin c and minerals and with lower nitrate levels when compared to conventional food Dahlstrand Biel (1997). Consequently there are many more characteristics which might affect the choice of a consumer. At this mechanical life the choices of food is enormous. Choosing of food is persuaded by many aspects which are interconnected Shepherd Sparks, (1994). In order to describe the effects of likely influences a number of models have been recommended. Apparently, none of these models were able to determine the extent of the effects of neither the suggested factors nor their direct influence on each other (Shepherd and Sparks, 1994). The models were noticed as the registers of factors that most probably had influence on food choice and brought in variables t hat helped in further study. Factors related to the food, the individual and the environment were the three main categories of factors influencing food acceptance based on some models (Randall and Sanjur, 1981; Shepherd, 1985). A description of the chief factors that were considered appropriate to study on consumer food choice was suggested by Shepherd (1985). 2.9 Summary This chapter has thus provided an insight into the various concepts related to organic foods consumer beliefs and perceptions which need to be mitigated in understanding the behaviour towards organic foods. This has served as a basis for the research question posed in this study and the findings from this research shall be used wherever applicable .The concepts shall be applied to analyze the research findings and make suitable recommendations for further research. CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The preceding chapter summarized the research literature on consumer behaviour towards organic food in the United Kingdom and India. This chapter details the research methodology, tools and approach that were used to accomplish the study. The research design applied to this study aided in the collection of the data and also in achieving the set objectives. The empirical criterion enabled the translation of the research topic into the exact type of data that could answer the research questions posed (Punch, 1998). 3.1 Research Design and Method Research design is commonly referred to as a guide which details the methods and procedures that are applied to acquire the information that is needed to conduct the research (Silverman, 2008). It serves as a framework in guiding the researcher for performing tasks such as collection, analysis and interpretation of data. The methodology adopted in this research was that of a survey which provided quantitative data. The reason the survey research method was chosen because it consists of a cross sectional design in relation to the data which was assimilated and this helped in analyzing patterns of association between the different variables (Bryman, 2008). Quantitative study makes use of the numeric data that has been collected from a group of people interested in the subject area which is then analysed and interpreted with statistical tools and results are derived (Cresswell, 1994). The numerical data collected was also instrumental in establishing a correlation between theory and the actual findings. 3.2 Research Tool A questionnaire was drafted which served as a tool to carry out the survey. The reason to choose the questionnaire method was because it has been generally considered as a reliable tool to gather data from a diverse, scattered and varied group of people. Obtaining information from a cross-section of people was an important objective and by using the questionnaire it rendered more possibilities in accomplishing this purpose. The design of the questionnaire comprised of 17 closed ended questions. This design was incorporated because it would help in achieving a greater uniformity of data (Malim Birch, 1997). It was also important to ensure that the questionnaire was well planned and circumspectly constructed and this resulted in a high response rate and aided in the summarization and analysis of data in a better fashion. The selection criteria for the questions posed to the respondents was driven by the four different objectives identified for this study. These are illustrated in the diagram below. The actual copy of the questionnaire is enclosed in the Appendix. 3.3 Pilot Study It was considered vital to perform pre testing of the questionnaire as a pilot study before administering the questionnaire on the entire set of the respondents. The respondent who was chosen to be a part of the pilot study was someone who had similar characteristics to those who actually participated in the survey and was not included in the sample size. The feedback received was incorporated to ensure that the questionnaire was structured in a logical sequence, was easily understood and contributed towards removal of any ambiguities (Malim Birch, 1997). 3.4 Data Collection An integral part of this research study was the data collection exercise and both primary and secondary data was collected for this purpose. The primary data gathered from the survey ensured that the research was based on data collected on a first hand basis and it was reliable. The primary data comprised of the responses made by the participants. The secondary data that was included in the research comprised of the research literature and journals pertaining to the research area. The secondary data helped in analyzing the research topic from varied and critical viewpoints. The ultimate benefit of supplementing this study with secondary data was that analysis of data was done in line with authentic research findings from the industry. The respondents were asked to participate in the survey by sending an email invitation with the questionnaire attached. The data from this survey questionnaire was sent to a total of 475 in these two countries (UK and India). These participants com prised of personnel belonging with diverse demographic attributes. 3.5 Analysis of Data Logical organization of the data is essential to ensure that data is organized in a fashion which makes interpretation easier (Shahjahan, 2002). The raw data had to be categorized in order to be analyzed and this helped in getting the data in a quantifiable form. Microsoft Excel was used which helped in tabulation of data and this made calculation of percentages, ranking of data and design of graphs easier to generate graphs and make pictorial representations of the data gathered. It aided in understanding the findings in a better fashion. 3.6 Summary The contents of this chapter details the research methodology adopted to perform the study along with other nuances pertaining to the data collected. The analysis of data was done to interpret the data collection and was presented in a sensible form for the reader. The quantitative findings made in this study along with the critical analysis made in the literature review provide us with a clearer understanding of the research topic. CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS This chapter provides explanation and interpretation of the results derived from the survey conducted. Some of the results have been depicted in the form of graphs which provide a visual representation of the data collected. The primary data was collected with the help of questionnaires from a set of respondents. This has been supplemented with secondary data collected from research journals and books which have contributed to the final analysis of the data collated. In order to make the analysis more easily interpretable and quick computer aided tools such as Microsoft Excel have been used to produce graphs which helped in the analysis of the data. On the basis of the research findings made and analysis done recommendations are provided. 4.1 Respondent Profile The questionnaire was sent to a sample size of 475 respondents the total number of people who actually responded were 400 (200 from India and 200 from UK) which constitutes a response rate of 69%. The questionnaire was e mailed to general public to collect data from a range of different age groups comprising both men and women. This was deemed to be sufficient to achieve our preset objectives and draw results. The respondents were chosen from different backgrounds so as to gather data from multiple view points and analyze their behaviour towards organic foods in both the countries. 4.2 Objective One In order to accumulate data from people, who play a key part in consumption of organic food the survey was sent to people of different age groups, employed within various sectors such as private, public which included professionals with varied income levels. The reason this classification was done because demographic variables are an important aspect while studying the attitudes of consumers towards organic food consumption (Robinson, 1997). It is has been mentioned by Jannsen Jager, (2001) selecting the right segment of people who are involved in the purchase of products/ services play a major role in consumer behavioural patterns. In this survey as per Fig 3 it was revealed that a higher percentage of the respondents who bought organic as well as conventional food were female respondents from both the countries followed by male respondents. This finding is consistent with the fact that women are more health conscious than that of men. The questionnaire was sent to people of various age groups in these two demographic regions from Table 1 it is apparent that the responses were collected from all age groups ranging from 25 to above 65 from both the regions. From this it is evident that the responses are unbiased with regard to age. The common perception about purchasing of any product/service is always linked to the income and educational level Senauer, (1990). Over the years experience and research have proved that the purchase of quality food was directly associated to an individuals educational level. Since the responses collected from shoppers of organic food and non shoppers as well, it is often stressed that price factor is a reason why most people do not opt for organic food; therefore in this study the income level of the respondents was studied to get a clear picture. From the study it is established that among the Indian respondents, 8% earned less than 5000 Indian Rupees per month, 15% earned between 5001 to 10000, 20% earned between 100 01 to 20000, 35% earned between 20001 to 30000, and 10% earned between 30001 to 40000 and 12% of the respondents earned above 40000 Indian Rupees per month. On the contrary out of the 200 British respondents, 20% of them earned lesser than 1000 Great Britain Pounds per month, 39% earned between 1001 to 2000 per month, 18% earned between 2001 to 3000, 10% earned between 3001 to 4000, 7% earned between 4001 to 5000 and 6% of the respondents earned above 5000 Great Britain Pounds per month. A study conducted by Blend and Van Ravenswaay (1999) on the American consumers demand for eco labelled apples and sea foods. They found that education level was one the factors affecting the consumer demand for eco labelled products. It is apparent from the findings that the study was conducted on people with various educational levels. The majority of the respondents had been to university/college from both the countries followed by postgraduates. The table -2 below gives the statistical data on the educational level of the respondents who participated in this study. 4.3 Objective Two The second objective of this research was to analyze the consumer attributes considered in the UK and India while buying organic foods'. In general it is known that though consumer attitudes are positive towards organic foods still there are barriers which effect the consumption of organic foods in terms of money and reason being compromising on the quality of the organic variant. Even though studies have been conducted in identifying what are the attributes a customer considers while shopping organic foods, but it has been possible to identify the attributes of two different countries. This study helps in achieving purpose. The respondents were asked to rank the attributes they considered before purchasing organic foods. The figure -4 shows the rankings made by the respondents in both the countries. It is seen from the graph that the people from the UK considered health as the important attribute they considered before purchase followed by environment eco friendliness as the se cond and quality of the food as the third attribute. Whereas, in India health is again considered as the top attribute followed by price as the second attribute. It is evident from the fact that respondents from both countries feel that consumption of organic foods directly influence the health conditions of individuals. To clearly understand the consumer attributes of organic foods the respondents were further asked to prioritize the attributes while shopping organic fruits and vegetables. These attributes were correlated with a gender as one of the variable. Of the Indian respondents Figure -5 , the male respondents gave most importance to health factors, followed by easy accessibility followed by environmental friendliness factors and finally the price factors in order of importance while purchasing food, while the female respondents first gave importance to health factors followed by price factors followed by easy accessibility and finally environmental factors. Of the Britis h respondents Figure 6, the male respondents rated health as the most important factor followed by environmentally friendly factors followed by easy accessibility and finally followed by the price factors in order of importance while purchasing food. Results show that health and environmental benefits constitute the prospects whether to buy organic foods instead of conventional foods. If the consumer considers health as the important attribute the chances of buying organic food is more. Likewise consumers who buy organic products and recycled products are likely to buy organic foods (Makatouni, (2002). The findings from this study conforms to that of Padel and Foster (2005) where attributes such as health are more important that of environment. Results indicate that, as expected, health and environmental benefit attributes of organic foods determine the probability to buy organic foods instead of conventional ones. The positive and statistically significant estimated coefficie nt for the variable HEALTH indicates that if consumers attach greater importance to the organic food product healthiness attribute when shopping, they are more likely to buy organic food products. Similarly, the environmental benefits coefficients are statistically significant and positive (RECYCLED and RECYCLING) indicating that consumers who consume recycled products and dispose of their garbage in selective containers are more likely to buy organic food products because, as we assumed, they will highly value the environmental attribute of these products. Moreover, the effect of the health benefit on consumers choice of organic foods is higher than the impact of the environmental one. This finding is in agreement with Millock et al. (2004) and Padel and Foster (2005) but in contrast with Durham and Andrade (2005) who found for USA consumers that environment is more influential than health in consumers organic purchase decision. 4.4 Objective Three The third objective of this survey was to assess the beliefs of consumers towards purchase of organic foods. Consumers have various beliefs about organic food be it the price, their accessibility or their taste in order to attain the survey strives to find what are the most common beliefs among the consumers in the UK and India. The respondents were asked whether the organic foods are overpriced (Figure 7) for this the 70 % of respondents from India felt that yes that that its overpriced whereas majority of the consumers from the UK felt that they are not over priced. It is also seen from the study that 19 % of respondents including UK and India are not aware on the pricing of organic foods. Organic foods may be overpriced when compared to that of conventional foods but when the criterion organically produced is used consumers do want to pay more as they do not think about the other superior qualities such as taste, longer shelf life etc Grankvist Biel,(2001). Considering the d ifferent beliefs of consumers the respondents were asked whether they are easily accessible to organic foods from the table 3 below it is observed that out of the 200 respondents from UK, 78% said they had easy access to organic food, 19% said they did not have easy access to organic food and 3% were not even aware about it being available easily or not. On the other hand respondents from India, 48% of them said they had easy access to organic food, 42% said they did not have easy access to it and 10% said they were not aware if it was available easily or not. From this it is evident that consumers believe that organic foods are easy accessible for consumption. Consumers who give more importance to animal welfare, ethical and political considerations and environmentally sound purchase organic products often than that of genetically modified foods Lund Rocklinsberg, (2001). When respondents were asked in the survey whether organically produced food was helping the environment 80 per cent of the respondents from both the groups said yes. A very few percentage of respondents said no this may be due to lack of knowledge on the benefits of organic foods. This shows that consumers have a positive attitude about organic foods being environmentally friendly. To understand another common belief the respondents were asked whether organic food is tastier. Taste is one of the important criteria for food choice (Troujusen) Haglund conducted a scientific sensory research established a small taste benefits from organically produced food. From the table 4 below it is observed that, 49% agreed that organic food were tastier than conventionally farmed food, 43% disagreed with it and 8% were not sure about it. Among the 200 respondents from India, 64% agreed that organic food were tastier, 26% disagreed and 10% did not know about it. 4.5 Objective Four The final objective of this research is To examine the consumer behaviour towards organic food in The UK and India. Achieving this objective ensures that the behaviour of the two groups is understood in better fashion linking the research findings to existing practices and shall serve as a basis for making future recommendations on consumer behaviour towards organic foods. The respondents from both the groups were asked whether they preferred organic food .The response received is depicted in the graph below Figure 8 60% of respondents from the UK preferred organic food where as 29 % did not prefer. On the other hand 72% of respondents from India did not prefer organic where as only 18 % percent preferred organic food. The fact the respondents from India did not prefer organic food could be because of various criteria such as price, availability of food and lack of knowledge. It is evident from the findings that respondents in UK are aware of its health and environmental benefit s. The respondents were asked whether organic foods were overrated respondents from the UK, 58% said that organic food were over rated, 28% said that it was not so and 14% said they were not sure about it. Of the 200 respondents from India, 60% said organic food were over rated, 23% said that it was not over rated and 17% said they were not sure about that. Considering that these responses came from a wide variety of people belonging to different roles emphasis is placed on the fact that though it is overrated not many people are aware of its benefits. CHAPTER 5: RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 5.1 Recommendations The research analysis and the findings derived have been able to draw valuable and interesting information concerning the consumers behaviour towards organic foods. On refining the information it was possible to give some recommendations here so that they could be implemented in depicting future consumer behaviour trends. The actions detailed here when incorporated could make the process more efficient, cost effective and help the businesses use strategies to increase the consumption of organic foods in both the countries. Studies in the past have shown that organic foods are more appealing to women than that of men Wandle Bugge, 1997. These facts confirm to the findings made in the survey. Age also plays a major role as younger people are more fascinated by the benefits of organic foods than the conventional ones. The results show that there were no differences between these two demographic regions. However this could be improved by infusing knowledge about organic foods among all age groups so that everyone is benefited out of it. This step could be initialised by the government aided agencies through mass media and advertising campaigns. It is observed that price is one of the attributes that consumers think before they purchase any organic food. This is evident from the findings that out of the two demographic regions especially respondents from India feel that price is one of the major factors that affect the consumption. Holm and Kildvan (1996) says that price is a powerful factor for choosing any food. Organic foods are generally priced at higher than the conventional foods. This could be reduced by more farmers switching to organic farms than the conventional ones so that when the supply is more the price would automatically reduce. This could help in increased consumption of organic foods and also the price could be balanced. Health benefit is considered The most important attribute while buying organic foods. There are no explicit facts th at organic foods are healthier than conventional foods. There are various components to be considered such as soil, climate and so on to compare the quality with conventional foods. Emphasis could be given more on research and development in the areas related to health concern so that researchers come up with comprehensive results. If benefits with regard to health are not proven there would be sharp decrease in the purchase of organic foods. Respondents from the survey perceive Organic food as environmental friendly but when this compared to that of health reasons consumers tend to become egotistic and dont have to depend on any one for this benefit where as to achieve a better environment the individual has to be dependent on others and would take longer periods of time and at situation he would not be able to make use of the benefits in his lifetime. Organic products being overpriced is yet another concern which prevent food consumption for the same. A marketing strategy co uld be adopted by retail outlets and supermarkets. Retail outlets have a very limited variety of organic foods and the prices are more when it is compared to that of supermarkets. Whereas supermarkets have a range of fresh foods available but the chances of being wasted would be high so in order to reduce the premium charges of organic foods at the same time offering a wide range organic products. 5.2 Conclusion This Chapter provides a summary of the entire research and emphasizes areas of research literatures in relation to the summary findings. Possibilities of further research areas are listed towards the end of the chapter. In the United Kingdom organic food market is majorly divided whereas the Indian market is growing at a faster pace. The growing demands for organic food by the consumers are because of its quality, safety and positive environmental impacts have increased the demand among the consumers. Though the green trend persists among the consumers attitudes there are difficulties in the food consumption practice across different regions Wandel Bugge, (1997). This would associate with an unwillingness to pay a higher cost. The choice of food varies among different people. It is believed that people are concerned about the environment but it does not affect the behaviour towards organic foods. This study was aimed to achieve four different objectives pertaining to custome r behaviour towards organic foods and different sets of information were gathered to make the findings. A wide array of facts emerged both from the literature review and the survey which provided better insight into consumer attitudes. Research literatures which were already published related to the study topic were analyzed and compared to the actual responses made. On analysis of the research available so far it emerged that there was no specific study done to understand the consumer behaviour towards organic foods across two different countries and their differences werent looked into. The factors which were not taken into account were studie

Margaret Atwood s The Handmaids Tale - 1793 Words

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Socrates And Nietzsche Ethics - 823 Words

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